Social Amibition is the Stepping Stone to Humilliation in...

In William Shakespeare’s romantic comedy of Twelfth Night, Malvolio’s, Sebastian’s and Sir Andrew’s greed for power and status, mirror the theme that being socially ambitious makes people an easy target for mockery and embarrassment. In the play, Malvolio desperately tries to win Olivia’s heart, falling under Maria’s trap. Sebastian proves his shallow and ambiguous self when he agrees to wed a complete stranger for wealth, and Sir Andrew vainly tries to prove his worth and nobleness to his fellow upper classmen, turning himself into a laughing stock. These three characters’ foolish actions create humor in the play as well as preach us that social ambition is the stepping stone for humiliation. Malvolio, head steward of Olivia’s household is an arrogant and proud man, who evokes distaste but also pity from the audience. Maria and company craft a masterful trap into which Malvolio walks right into; they trick him into believing th at the lady Olivia loves him and wishes him to prove his love for her through a series of actions. Not only does he not doubt this for a second, but he eagerly agrees to fulfill all of the embarrassing things he has been set up to do: â€Å"I do not now fool/ myself, to let my imagination jade me; for every reason/ excites to this, that my lady loves me† [5.2.153-155]. Malvolio’s declaration confirms that he is completely blinded by the thought of him being a count and imagining himself bossing servants around and being showered with wealth that he

Cholecystits/Cholelithiasis Free Essays

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Medical Diagnosis: Cholecystitis/Cholelithiasis Nursing Diagnosis: Activity intolerance r/t laparoscopic abdominal incisions AEB SOB during ambulation, increased respirations at 38, O2 sat 80% room air after walking 50 ft. Normal Physiology: The gallbladder is situated inferior to the liver. The gallbladder is a structure that functions as a storage space for bile that is produced in the liver. We will write a custom essay sample on Cholecystits/Cholelithiasis or any similar topic only for you Order Now The liver produces and secretes bile into the gallbladder from the right and left hepatic duct join together to become the common hepatic duct then into the gallbladder via the cystic duct. During the digestion of fatty food, the gallbladder releases bile that passes through the common bile duct and into the duodenum through the Sphincter of Oddi to break down fat into fatty acids to be absorbed by the small intestine to be used as energy and storage of energy for metabolic needs of the body. Pathophysiology: Cholecystitis, and inflammation of the gallbladder, is a condition which can be caused by cholelithiasis, the formation of gallstones. Most stones are formed of cholesterol. Excess cholesterol in bile is associated with obesity, high cholesterol diet and drugs that are prescribed to lower cholesterol levels. The excess saturation of cholesterol can lead to the formation of stones. This client had an elevated LDL and low HDL levels that do state the client had excess cholesterol. Biliary stasis, which is slow emptying of the gallbladder, can also cause the formation of stones. An inflammation of the gallbladder allows for excess water and bile salt reabsorption which call also lead to the formation of stones. This client did have wall thickening and distention of the gallbladder that indicates a inflammation of the gallbladder over a period of time. This is the second time the client came to the ER with pain in a 6 week period. Potential Complications: If a gallstone migrates out of the gallbladder into the ducts, it can lead to cholangitis which is an inflammation of the duct. Obstruction of the common bile duct may cause bile reflux into the liver causing pain, jaundice, and liver damage. The clients ALT, liver function test was elevated indicating liver disease process and in this clients case it is due to the back-up of bile into the liver from obstruction in the common bile duct. The client can also have pancreatitis due to the inability of the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes through the pancreatic duct. The client had mild pancreatitis confirmed by CT scan. Complications of the cholecystitis/cholelithiasis can lead to a collection of infected fluid within the gallbladder, gangrene, and perforation resulting in peritonitis or abscess formation. A fistula into adjacent organs can for such as in the duodenum the colon or stomach. During the laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the client’s gallbladder was noted with gangrene but no perforation, peritonitis, fistula or abscess formation was noted. If this condition goes untreated, death can result from hemorrhage, peritonitis, hypovolemic shock, septicemia and septic shock. The client did not die because treatment and surgery was performed. Nursing Interventions Rationales: Independent: 1. Ambulate with client 1:1 assist. The client should not ambulate alone. The client is at risk for falls for injury to do her activity intolerance for SOB and decreased O2 sats. This will ensure the client does not fall and if she does become weak or unstable it will reduce the injury. . Place the client in semi-fowler during resting time in bed. This will decrease orthopnea and help the client breath better by decreasing pressure on the diaphragm allowing for better expansion of the lungs. 3. Monitor respiratory status and auscultate lung sound every 4 hours. This will help assess interventions and any changes needed for their respiratory status. Dependent: 4. Monitor and assess clients client’s O2 sat level and administer O2 at 2L NC per physician’s orders. The clients O2 Sat had been at 80% room air nd after activity with O2. This will help monitor client needs and evaluate the need for any changes this client may need for a decrease or increase in O2 delivery. 5. Administer morphine sulfate 1-5 mg IV push prn q2h over 2 minutes. Administering pain meds can help decrease pain associated with the client needing to cough and deep breath and will help the client ambulate. Although the client has not indicated much pain, giving prior to activity will help the client tolerate ambulation, cough and deep breath and spirometer. 6. Administer Cefoxitin 1 gm in 100mg/NaCl 0. 9% over 1 hr q8h per physician’s orders. The administration of antibiotics will reduce the client risk for peritonitis from gangrene of the gallbladder and risk of infection form the surgery. This will also help with healing of the clients mild pancreatitis noted on CT scan Interdependent: 7. Collaborate with dietician to meet with the client regarding diet. In a client with the removal of the gallbladder, the client needs to be educated on the types of food to avoid after surgery. This will help identify what types of foods the client can continue to enjoy and those that will facilitate abdominal problems post cholecystectomy. Ensuring the family is also involved when the dietician is present will help increase the likelihood of adhering to a new diet holding the client accountable for food choices. 8. Collaborate with respiratory therapy to assess the need for respiratory assistance such as the need for nebulizer treatment or the need for portable O2 for ambulatory purposes. The client’s O2 quickly drops after taking D/C of O2. 9. Collaborate with occupational therapy to assess the ability for the client to go home. The client is an elderly lady and may need to be evaluated prior to discharge to assess ADL’s since she lives on her own. This will ensure the client can safely return home or may need to be transferred to rehab prior to going home and educate the client on throw rugs, shower use and other in home dangers that elderly clients are at risk for. Client Teaching: Instruct the client on the need to cough and deep breath and spirometry. The client has had SOB post op and decreased O2 saturation. The client has atelectasis in her right upper lobe with diminished lung sounds throughout with decreased expiratory effort. I educated the client on coughing and deep breathing every hour x10 and how to use the pillow for splinting her abdomen due to abdominal pain post operatively. Client understood and demonstrated this very well and prior to end of shift I assessed the client and had her demonstrate what I had taught her prior to leaving and she performed properly and also stated she had been doing it every hour as instructed. Textbook Signs Symptoms . Pain, abrupt onset, severe and steady 2. Pain radiate to the back, right scapula and shoulder lasting from 12-18 hours 3. Nausea, vomiting and anorexia 4. Chills and fever 5. Abdominal guarding Risk Factors 1. Female over age of 65 2. Family history 3. Native American; northern European heritage 4. Obesity 5. Hyperlipidemia 6. Use of oral contraceptives 7. Biliary stasis: pregnancy, fasting or prolonged parenteral nutrition 8. Dise ases or condition: DM; cirrhosis; ileal disease or resection; sickle cell anemiaReferences: Domino, F. n. d. ). 5-minute clinical consult Powered by Skyscape (Ipod). Lippincott, WIlliams Wilkins. LeMone, P. , Burke, K. , Bauldoff, G. (2011). Medical-surgical nursing care critical thinking in patient care (5th ed. ed. ). Upper Sadle River, NJ: Pearson Education. Martini, F. H. , Neth, J. L. (2009). Fundamentals of anatomy and physiology (Eight ed. ). San Fransisco: Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Pagana, K. , Pagana, T. (2009). Mosby’s diagnostic and laboratory test reference (Ninth ed. ). St. Louis, Missouri, United States: Mosby Elsevier. How to cite Cholecystits/Cholelithiasis, Papers

Play and Literacy in Early Childhood †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Play and Literacy in Early Childhood. Answer: Introduction: The above quoted lines of Thomas Carlyle speak volumes not only about the importance of the books but also about the importance of reading them. Education forms a very important part of the life of the individuals and equips them to face the challenges in the later part of the lives in a much better manner (Blackwell et al., 2013). However, the process of education should not focus primarily on the achievement of the end results rather it should focus on the attainment of knowledge (VanHoorn et al., 2014). Therefore, with this particular objective education is being provided by the children by an early age. However, in the present times it is often seen that the teachers as well as the educators often take the help of various new forms of technologies and innovations to further facilitate the process of literary among the children in the early part of their education (Plowman McPake, 2013). This particular paper seeks to analyze the impact of modern technology as well as media on th e literary of the children management. In the early stages of the life of the children special emphasis is given to their learning process with the objective of equipping them with a tool which will help them through the course of their entire lives (Livingstone Bovill, 2013). Therefore, at home as well as the school they are taught to read and learn new things. However, it is commonly seen that the majority of the schools as well as the parents use traditional system for the education of their children which have been in use for a very long time (Edyburn, 2013). Thus, the majority of the schools as well as the educators depend on the processes of recitation, repetition and others for the process of the education of the children (Edyburn, 2013). However, it is significant to note that in the present times with the advancement in technology and the availability of the various forms of media has much facilitated the process of education and literary of the children (Nickerson Zodhiates, 2013). Thus, it is seen that the ma ny of the schools, educators as well as the parents often take the help of the various latest innovations and technology for the education of the children. The most common innovations used are the audio and video recording of the various poems and other things which the children need to complete for their course (Nickerson Zodhiates, 2013). It is significant to note that the use of these recordings have double advantage as they not reduce the work as well as the effort of the teacher, educators and the parents but they also help in the learning process of the children and hence help in the development of their literacy(Nickerson Zodhiates, 2013). The use of latest innovations as well as technology for the education of the children and the enhancement of their literacy has been a topic of much debate in the recent times. Many people are of the opinion that the latest innovations as well as technologies should not be used for the education process of the children or for the enhancement of their literacy as the disadvantages of the process far outweigh the advantages provided by the same (Buckingham Willett, 2013). These critics are of the opinion that education should be conducted in the traditional system and the use of modern technology and innovations is likely to have many adverse effects on the children (Buckingham Willett, 2013). A common argument of theirs is that the use of the audio and video recordings for the education of the children is not only likely to affect the physical health of the children but also reduce their attention span in a significant manner (Buckingham Willett, 2013). However, there are other cri tics who believe that the use of the latest innovations as well as technologies for the process of the education and the literacy of the children will be very beneficial for them and help them to learn better and more quickly (Plowman et al., 2012). Many researches and studies have shown that the children learn much faster or quickly when the things which they are being taught are enacted before them or they are able to see and hear the things (Plowman et al., 2012). Therefore, the use of the latest innovations as well as technologies or more specifically the use of the various recordings for the education of the children is likely to have a significant effect on the education and the literacy of the children (Temple et al., 2017). Furthermore, the use of technology for the process of education from an early age is likely to help the children in the later part of their lives in a much significant manner as it is seen that much of the education in the present times is being conducted by the use of the latest innovations and technologies (Temple et al., 2017). Moreover, if the children are familiarized with the various precepts of technology at an early age then that will be very helpful for them in the later part of their lives as technology forms one of the most important parts of the human world presently (August Shanahan, 2017). Multiple-literacy is a trend which is on the rise in the present times and many parents want their children from an early age to make use of this particular trend. The term Multiliteracies was coined by a New London Group in the mid 1990s and is commonly seen as an approach to literacy theory and pedagogy (Reyes Esteban?Guitart, 2013). Moreover, the various scholars have identified two major advantages or the highlights of this particular kind of approach, namely, linguistic diversity, and multimodal forms of linguistic expression and representation (Reyes Esteban?Guitart, 2013). Therefore, in accordance with this particular theory many parents as well as the educators want the children to learn multiple languages and make effective use of them from an early age (Reyes Esteban?Guitart, 2013). In the opinion of many people this is done so that the children can learn the various different and new languages in a much better and also the mental growth is the maximum at this particular age so it will be much easier for the children to learn the new languages at an early rather than at the other stages of life when the mental growth is not as fast as the children mental growth rate (Roskos, 2017). Furthermore, if the children are introduced to the different languages from an early age then they will have more time to learn them in the most effective and also it is generally seen that the lessons which the children learn at this particular stage are retained by them in the later part of their lives as well (Roskos, 2017). Thus, it is expected that if the children are introduced to the concept of multiple-literacy from an early age then that will be very much helpful for them in the later part of their lives. It is significant to note that the latest innovations as well as technology plays a significant role not only in the general education of the children from an early age but also helps in the process of multiple-literary by means of which the children are taught to learn various new languages more effectively from an early age (Temple et al., 2017). It is commonly seen that the various schools, educators as well as parents take the help of the latest innovations and technologies for the process of education (Temple et al., 2017). The most commonly used mechanisms are slide shows, audio and video recordings, songs made out of the rhymes and various others. In the many people, the use of the latest innovations and technology in the process of education has not only revolutionizedthe education system but has made it much easier for the children. However, in the opinion of other people, the use of the latest technologies and innovations are detrimental to the interests of the education an d it adversely affects in the children in the longer run (Plowman et al., 2012). Therefore, it would be apt to say that there are advantages as well as disadvantages of the process of the use of technology and media in the process of education among the children however it would be apt to say that the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages which are involved in the process management. To conclude, it becomes apparent that a proper and sound education is one of the basic needs as well as rights of the children and therefore care should be taken that they are provided with the same. However, a recent question which has attracted the attention of many people is that whether the latest technologies and innovations should be used in the process of education. On the one hand, the use of the latest technology and innovations is likely to render significant benefits to not only the children but also the teachers, educators or the parents as well. However, the disadvantages involved with the process are also considerable. Moreover, when the advantages and the disadvantages involved with the process are weighed together it will be seen that the advantages of the use of technology in the process of education far outweighs the disadvantages of the use of technology and the latest innovation in the process of education. References August, D., Shanahan, T. (2017).Developing literacy in second-language learners: Report of the National Literacy Panel on Language-Minority Children and Youth. Routledge. Blackwell, C. K., Lauricella, A. R., Wartella, E., Robb, M., Schomburg, R. (2013). Adoption and use of technology in early education: The interplay of extrinsic barriers and teacher attitudes.Computers Education,69, 310-319. Buckingham, D., Willett, R. (Eds.). (2013).Digital generations: Children, young people, and the new media. Routledge. Edyburn, D. L. (2013). Critical issues in advancing the special education technology evidence base.Exceptional Children,80(1), 7-24. Livingstone, S., Bovill, M. (Eds.). (2013).Children and their changing media environment: A European comparative study. Routledge. Nickerson, R. S., Zodhiates, P. P. (Eds.). (2013).Technology in education: Looking toward 2020. Routledge. Plowman, L., McPake, J. (2013). Seven myths about young children and technology.Childhood Education,89(1), 27-33. Plowman, L., Stevenson, O., Stephen, C., McPake, J. (2012). Preschool childrens learning with technology at home.Computers Education,59(1), 30-37. Reyes, I., Esteban?Guitart, M. (2013). Exploring Multiple Literacies from Homes and Communities: A Cross?cultural Comparative Analysis.International Handbook of Research on Children's Literacy, Learning, and Culture, 155-171. Roskos, K. A. (Ed.). (2017).Play and literacy in early childhood: Research from multiple perspectives. Routledge. Temple, C. A., Ogle, D., Crawford, A. N., Freppon, P. (2017).All children read: Teaching for literacy in today's diverse classrooms. Pearson. VanHoorn, J., Nourot, P. M., Scales, B., Alward, K. R. (2014).Play at the center of the curriculum. Pearson Higher Ed.

Memorandum Essays (576 words) - , Term Papers

Memorandum To: John Smith, President From: Date: August 7, 2016 Subject: Should Campus Police Carry Guns Introduction and Recommendation Do you feel safe walking to your car in a dark, empty parking lot? Well, neither do we. We feel like at any point in time something could happen. Yes, there is campus police, but what can they do if unarmed and facing an armed robber? We feel like it would be greatly beneficial if all campus police are armed. To increase safety for all, I recommend that all campus police carry guns. All armed campus police will be responsible for helping to monitor parking lots and walkways; monitoring dorm areas and any common area to students. Benefits and Costs Having campus police carry guns would have a great effect on overall safety: Students would feel safe walking to vehicle in parking lots. Lives could be saved in the event that there is an active shooter on campus. Campus police carrying guns can be a deterrent to anyone wanting to commit a crime. Cost: Yearly cost will increase due to the training that each individual will be required to have. The average salary will increase from $32,000 to $50,000. The dean believes that we could offset this expenditure with the increase of enrollment due to our safety statistics. Conclusion As we move forward as a statistically proven, safe school, I hope that you consider all that we have to offer when we have campus police carrying guns. Some may argue that a weapon isn't the answer, but wouldn't you feel safer with armed patrol on your campus? During our 2015-2016 school year, we have noticed the lack of books we have for our students to read. We have improved our reading goals so greatly that our students are reading more and more. We have students that are reading as early as Pre-K. With this being said, we are in dire need of more books. We are asking for your help in providing more books for our campus. Statistics show that 61% of low income families have no books at all in their homes for their children.(Reading Literacy in the United States, 1996) How do we expect our children to learn if we do not have enough books at school, and they don't have any at home? In middle-income neighborhoods the ratio of books per child is 13 to 1, in low-income neighborhoods, the ratio is 1 age-appropriate book for every 300 children.(Neuman, Susan B. and David K. Dickinson, ed. Handbook of Early Literacy Research, Volume 2. New York, NY: 2006, p. 31.) Children are so excited to learn and meet new reading goals. If we have more books then we can continue to provide a great foundation for their future. When children are engaged in books of their interest, they are so excited and so ready to finish and start another. We hold the future for these children and it is our duty to make sure they have all instruments they need to learn. I know that book can be costly, but can you afford for your child to be one that was left behind due to the fact they didn't have enough books to keep them engaged? I don't think this is a risk any of us are willing to take. With your help we can make sure that these children have a great foundation to build their future. F T T T F T F T F F

Sample Essay to Apply For Scholarship

Sample Essay to Apply For ScholarshipDo you want to have a sample essay to apply for a scholarship? There are many out there, and it is important that you learn the proper way to write an essay. There are hundreds of these types of papers available and you want to make sure that you are getting the exact one that you need. You want to know that it is easy to understand, and it provides the right facts for you to help you.The first thing that you want to do is to get all of the different options that are available. This way, you will be able to find the exact one that you need. If you do not, then you will not have any opportunity to get the information that you are looking for.Once you have looked at all of the options, you can now go and pick out the best one. Once you have picked the one that you want, then you can start writing your essay. You will want to write the essay in an interesting way that it will allow you to get all of the information that you need.You want to write the sample essay to apply for scholarship using the basics that you can use. This means that you need to talk about the things that you think will be important in your future. When you get all of the important points, then you will be able to use those to get accepted into school.In order to get the best possible deal, you will want to write the sample essay to apply for scholarship using the key points that you want to get out of the paper. After you have done this, you can then start thinking about how the rest of the paper is going to go. This is so that you will not end up with anything that is bad. This way, you will be able to get the information that you need out of the paper and not have anything bad in the paper.When you go to write the sample essay to apply for a scholarship, you will want to take into consideration how you will use the information that you are going to provide. If you have studied some of the things that are going to be important in your future, then you wil l know what to say in the paper. You will know what things you want to include in the paper and how you are going to say them. This will help you get the correct information out of the paper.Now that you know the key things that you need to use when you write the sample essay to apply for a scholarship, you will be able to find the one that you need. Once you have found it, you will know that you have taken the best possible advantage of the opportunities that are available. Once you get the essay that you need, you will then have the opportunity to go and get the information that you need. This is why you want to take the time to find the right one that you need.

Internet Shopping essays

Internet Shopping essays I was looking through the business section of the Lakeland Ledger, and I came across an article on dated 1/06/02 Women Out Shop Men On Web For First Time. I wondered how they went about getting their information. I had purchased online this Christmas, and no one asked me my race, sex, or other information while I was shopping. What if my name was Chris, Jamie or Pat? Who keeps track of this, and who wants to know? Does the credit card company, the web site, or the business give this information out? How do they get it? The first question that came to mind was who keeps track of online purchases? The answer is market research groups. Some like the Pew Research Center are nonprofit, independent groups sponsored by philanthropists. Others like Dun and Bradstreet, Comscore, and Controlled Data Corp. are for profit million-dollar companies. The next questions are why are these companies tracking this, and for whom are they getting this information? Companies like the PRC give their information free to students, political leaders, journalists, and public interest organizations. Tracking the Internets effect on the economy is just one of many projects for them. How often, how much, and why people buy online is purely an area of interest. For Dun and Bradstreet or Comscore, however, there is a charge for most of their services. Their primary objective is to collect market research for businesses on and off line, add servers, content providers, government agencies, and financial institutions. They offer demographic group of the site for the web site owner. They offer advice to businesses based on what people buy, how often they buy, what sites they buy from, and how the consumer responds to ads and marketing (www.comscore.com). Finally, how do they get this information? Phone surveys and polling online users are two of the most popular ways the PRC gathers its data (www.pewinternet.org). Mem ...

Judith Sargent Murray, Early Feminist and Writer

Judith Sargent Murray, Early Feminist and Writer Judith Sargent Murray (May 1, 1751–July 6, 1820) was an early American feminist who wrote essays on  political, social, and religious themes. She was also a gifted poet and dramatist, and her letters, some recently discovered, give insight into her life during and after the American Revolution.  She is especially known for her essays about the American Revolution under the pseudonym The Gleaner and for her feminist essay, On the Equality of the Sexes.   Fast Facts: Judith Sargent Murray Known For: Early feminist essayist, poet, novelist, and dramatistBorn: May 1, 1751 in Gloucester, MassachusettsParents: Winthrop Sargent and Judith SaundersDied: July 6, 1820 in Natchez, MississippiEducation: Tutored at homePublished Works: On the Equality of the Sexes, Sketch of the Present Situation in America, Story of Margaretta, Virtue Triumphant, and The Traveller ReturnedSpouse(s): Captain John Stevens (m. 1769–1786); Rev. John Murray (m. 1788–1809).Children: With John Murray: George (1789) who died as an infant, and a daughter, Julia Maria Murray (1791–1822) Early Life Judith Sargent Murray was born Judith Sargent on May 1, 1751, in Gloucester, Massachusetts, to shipowner and merchant Captain Winthrop Sargent (1727–1793) and his wife Judith Saunders (1731–1793). She was the oldest of the eight Sargent children. At first, Judith was educated at home and learned basic reading and writing. Her brother Winthrop, who was intended to go to Harvard, received a more advanced education at home, but when their parents recognized Judiths exceptional abilities she was allowed to share Winthrops training in classical Greek and Latin. Winthrop went did go on to Harvard, and Judith later noted that she, being female, had no such possibilities. Her first marriage, on October 3, 1769, was to Captain John Stevens, a well-to-do sea captain and trader. They had no children but adopted two of her husbands nieces and one of her own, Polly Odell. Universalism In the 1770s, Judith Stevens turned away from the Calvinism of the Congregational church she was raised in and became involved in Universalism. Calvinists said that only believers could be saved, and nonbelievers were doomed. In contrast, Universalists believed that all human beings could be saved and all people were equal. The movement was brought to Massachusetts by Rev. John Murray, who arrived in Gloucester in 1774, and Judith and her families the Sargents and the Stevens converted to Universalism. Judith Sargent Stevens and John Murray began a long correspondence and respectful friendship: in this she defied custom, which suggested it was suspect for a married woman to correspond with a man who was unrelated to her. By 1775, the Stevens family had fallen into serious  financial difficulties when the American Revolution interfered with shipping and trade, difficulties that may have been heightened by Stevens mismanagement of finances. To help out, Judith began writing; her first poems were written in 1775. Judiths first essay was Desultory Thoughts upon the Utility of Encouraging a Degree of Self-Complacency, Especially in Female Bosoms, which was published in 1784 under the pseudonym Constancia in the Boston periodical, Gentleman and Ladys Town and Country Magazine.  In 1786, Captain Stevens, to avoid debtors prison and in hopes of turning his finances around, sailed to the West Indies, but he died there in 1786. After the death of Captain Stevens, the friendship between John Murray and Judith Stevens blossomed into courtship, and on October 6, 1788, they married.   Travel and a Widening Sphere Judith Sargent Murray accompanied her new husband on many of his preaching tours, and they counted among acquaintances and friends many early leaders of the United States, including John and Abigail Adams, Benjamin Franklins family, and Martha Custis Washington, with whom they sometimes stayed. Her letters describing these visits and her correspondence with friends and relatives are invaluable in understanding the daily life in the federal period of American history. Throughout this period, Judith Sargent Murray wrote poetry, essays, and drama: some biographers suggest the loss of her son in 1790 and her own survival of what would be called postpartum depression today spurred a burst of creativity. Her essay, On the Equality of the Sexes, written in 1779, was finally published in 1790. The essay challenges the prevailing theory that men and women are not intellectually equal, and among all of her writings, that essay established her as an early feminist theorist. She added a letter including her interpretation of the biblical Adam and Eve story, insisting that Eve was equal, if not superior, to Adam. Her daughter, Julia Maria Murray, was born in 1791. Essays and Drama In February, 1792, Murray began a series of essays for the Massachusetts Magazine titled The Gleaner (also her pseudonym), which focused on the politics of the new nation of America as well as religious and moral themes, including womens equality.  One of her common early topics was the importance of educating female children- Julia Maria was 6 months old when her mother began her column. Her novel, The Story of Margaretta, was written in a series among The Gleaner essays. It is the tale of a young woman who falls prey to a sinister lover and rejects him, and she is portrayed not as a fallen woman but rather as an intelligent heroine who is capable of forging an independent life for herself. The Murrays moved from Gloucester to Boston in 1793, where together they founded a Universalist congregation. Several of her writings reveal her role in shaping the tenets of Universalism, which was the first American religion to ordain women. Murray wrote drama first in response to a call for original work by American writers (also directed to her husband, John Murray), and though her plays did not find critical acclaim, they did achieve some popular success. Her first play was The Medium: or Virtue Triumphant, and it opened and quickly closed on the Boston stage. It was, however, the first play dramatized there by an American author. In 1798, Murray published a collection of her writings in three volumes as The Gleaner. She thereby became the first American woman to self-publish a book.  The books were sold on subscription, to help support the family.  John Adams and George Washington were among the subscribers.  In 1802 she helped to found a school for girls in Dorchester. Later Life and Death John Murray, whose health had been frail for some time, had a stroke in 1809 that paralyzed him for the rest of his life.  In 1812, her daughter Julia Maria married a wealthy Mississippian named Adam Louis Bingaman, whose family had contributed somewhat to his education while he lived with Judith and John Murray. By 1812, the Murrays were experiencing painful financial issues. Judith Murray edited and published John Murrays letters and sermons that same year, as Letters and Sketches of Sermons. John Murray died in 1815, and in 1816, Judith Sargent Murray published his autobiography, Records of the Life of the Rev. John Murray. In her last years, Judith Sargent Murray continued her correspondence with her family and friends; her daughter and husband supported her financially in her later life, and she moved to their home in Natchez, Mississippi in 1816. Judith Sargent Murray died on July 6, 1820, in Natchez at the age of 69. Legacy Judith Sargent Murray was largely forgotten as a writer until late in the 20th century. Alice Rossi resurrected On the Equality of the Sexes for a collection called The Feminist Papers  in 1974, bringing it to wider attention. In 1984, Unitarian Universalist minister, Gordon Gibson, found Judith Sargent Murrays letter books in Natchez, Mississippi- books into which she kept copies of her letters. (They are now in the Mississippi Archives.) She is the only woman from that period of time for whom we have such letter books, and these copies have allowed scholars to discover much about not only Judith Sargent Murrays life and ideas, but also about daily life in the time of the American Revolution and early Republic. In 1996, Bonnie Hurd Smith founded the Judith Sargent Murray Society to promote Judiths life and work. Smith provided useful suggestions for details in this profile, which also drew on other resources about Judith Sargent Murray. Sources Field, Vena Bernadette. Constantia: A Study of the Life and Works of Judith Sargent Murray, 1751-1920. Orono: University of Maine Studies, 2012.Harris, Sharon M., ed. Selected Writings of Judith Sargent Murray. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.Murray, Judith Sargent [as Constancia]. The Gleaner: A Miscellaneous Production, Volumes 1–3. Boston: J. Thomas and E.T. Andrews, 1798.Rossi, Alice S., ed. The Feminist Papers: From Adams to de Beauvoir. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1973.Smith, Bonnie Hurd. Judith Sargent Murray and the Emergence of an American Womens Literary Traditions. Farmington Hills, Michigan: Gale Researcher Guide, 2018.Kritzer, Amelia Howe. â€Å"Playing with Republican Motherhood: Self-Representation in Plays by Susanna Haswell Rowson and Judith Sargent Murray.† Early American Literature 31.2, 1996. 150–166.  Ã‚  Skemp, Sheila L. First Lady of Letters: Judith Sargent Murray and the Struggle for Female Independence. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009.